Bottino G.1, Chiarle M.2, Joly A.1, Mortara G.2, 2002, Modelling rock avalanches and their relation to permafrost degradation in glacial environments, Permafrost and periglacial processes (Print) 13 (2002): 283–288.,
URL: http://www.cnr.it/prodotto/i/41481

High runout distances characterize landslides falling on glaciers because of (1) low friction offered by ice to sliding and (2) complex rock-ice interactions that take place during mass motion. Block-fall models (two and three-dimensional) were tested on the 1936 Felik landslide (Mt.Rosa Massif). Geotechnical parameters were assessed through a back-analysis aided by field surveys, aerial-photo and historical data analysis. Outcomes are verified for two rock-ice avalanches which ran along the Brenva Glacier (Mt. Blanc Massif) in 1920 and 1997. Empirical models show poor precision (75%). Three-dimensional numerical models are too complex but two-dimensional ones gave results that pointed out that real runouts exceed predicted ones by 30%, possibly due to fluidisation processes. Rock- ice avalanches require attention because they originate in areas likely destined to experience permafrost degradation and glacier retreat.

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