Garcia, C., De Amicis, M., Sterlacchini, S., Pasuto, A., Greiving, S.,, 2010, Community-based Early warning System for mountain risks, northern Italy_ identifying challenges and proposing risk reduction strategies,
Mountain Risks_ bringing science to society, Firenze, 2010,
Deganutti, A.M., Davies, T.R., McSaveney, M.J, 2010, Source of low friction in fragmenting granular shear flow,
Geogically Active, IAEG, pp. 2809–2816, Auckland, New Zealand, 5-10 September 2010,
Abstract
We report laboratory experiments and numerical simulations thereof which
show similar reductions in frictional resistance when ...
We report laboratory experiments and numerical simulations thereof which
show similar reductions in frictional resistance when fragmentation occurs in dry comminut-
ing granular shear flow, in the absence of any mechanism for reducing friction except that of
grain comminution. These results, together with the ubiquitous occurrence of comminution
in association with low-friction geological phenomena, suggest that fragmentation is both
a sufficient and a necessary condition for low friction in granular shear. In the numerical
simulations a low damping factor was required to generate realistic results. This indicates that
most of the fracture surface energy utilised in comminution is recycled to the system as free
energy, in agreement with experimental data.
Panissod F., Bailly J.S., Durrieu S., Jacome A., Mathys N., Cavalli M., Puech C., 2010, Qualification des modèles numériques des données à travers deux applications du scanner laser terrestre et du LiDAR,
(2010): 50–57.,
Pasuto A., Marcato G., 2010, Valutazione degli scenari di rischio residuale per la frana del Ganderberger (Val Passiria, BZ),
(2010).,
Fujisawa K.; Marcato G.; Nomura Y.; Pasuto A., 2010, Management of a typhoon-induced landslide in Otomura (Japan),
Geomorphology (Amst.) 124 (2010): 150–156.,
Abstract
Late in January 2004 slope instability evidence such as cracks and subsidence appeared on a ...
Late in January 2004 slope instability evidence such as cracks and subsidence appeared on a retaining wall
along National Highway 168, near Otomura (Nara Prefecture, Japan). This road plays a strategic role as a long
distance route for passenger vehicles and trucks, therefore detailed investigations and constant surveillance
have to be carried out in order to manage the induced risk situations. Sixmonths later, on August 10th, a large
landslide occurred due to heavy rainfalls related to typhoons #10 and #11 that hit Japan on the first week of
August. Field and aerial surveys of the site were carried out soon after the appearance of the first
geomorphologic evidence of landslide movements, and a monitoring system was immediately set up.
Landslide displacements have been measured since the early stage of movement and road traffic was strictly
controlled in order to minimize possible damage. This paper illustrates the effects of landslide activation and
the investigations carried out in order to assess landslide hazard and predict the time of failure. Suitable
methods for risk management oriented to increase the public safety and including risk control and crisis
mitigation acts are also discussed.
Zanon F.; Borga M.; Zoccatelli D.; Marchi L.; Gaume E.; Bonnifait L.; Delrieu G., 2010, Hydrological analysis of a flash flood across a climatic and geologic gradient_ The September 18, 2007 event in Western Slovenia,
Journal of hydrology (Amst.) 394 (2010): 182–197. doi_10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.08.020,
DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2010.08.020
Abstract
A Mesoscale Convective System in North-Western Slovenia produced up to 350-400 mm in 12 h ...
A Mesoscale Convective System in North-Western Slovenia produced up to 350-400 mm in 12 h on 18
September, 2007. The region impacted by the storm shows significant differences in climatic and geologic
properties at short distances. Owing to such variability, extreme flooding concentrated over the Selska
Sora watershed at Zelezniki (103.3 km2), outside the area which received the highest precipitation.
Hydrometeorological analyses of the storm are based on accurate analysis of C-band weather-radar
observations and data from a rain gauge network. Detailed surveys of high-water marks and channel/
floodplain geometry, carried out two months after the flood, are used for hydrologic analyses of the Selska
Sora flood. These include estimation of peak discharge at 21 sites. Unit peak discharges range from 5 to
7m3 s-1 km-2 in basins characterised by size up to approximately 25 km2. Higher unit peak discharges
(>10 m3 s-1 km-2), estimated in a few smaller basins, are influenced by intense sediment transport.
Observed rainfall, estimated peak discharges, and observer notes on timing of peak discharge are used
along with a distributed hydrologic model to reconstruct hydrographs at multiple locations. Examination
of the rainfall distribution and flood response shows that the extent and the position of the karst terrain
provided a major control on flood response in the region impacted by the storm. Use of the distributed
hydrological model together with the post-flood survey observations is shown to provide an accurate
description of the flood. Water balance and response time characteristics are examined for selected
catchments, showing that event runoff coefficient ranged between 17% and 24% for different catchments.
The quality of the peak discharge simulation at the 21 surveyed sites is substantially degraded when
using spatially-uniform rainfall over the area covering all the surveyed sub-catchments, mainly due to
rainfall volume errors introduced by using the spatially uniform value. On the other hand, the influence
of rainfall spatial averaging at the scale of the sub-catchments generally has a very limited effect on runoff
modelling, showing that rainfall spatial organisation was not able to overcome the catchment dampening
effect for this flood.
Trevisani S.; Cavalli M.; Marchi L., 2010, Reading the bed morphology of a mountain stream_ a geomorphometric study on high- resolution topographic data,
Hydrology and earth system sciences 14 (2010): 393–405. doi_10.5194/hess-14-393-2010,
DOI: 10.5194%2Fhess-14-393-2010
Abstract
High-resolution topographic data expand the potential of quantitative analysis of the earth surface, improving the ...
High-resolution topographic data expand the potential of quantitative analysis of the earth surface, improving the interpretation of geomorphic processes. In particular, the morphologies of the channel beds of mountain streams, which are characterised by strong spatial variability, can be analysed much more effectively with this type of data. In this study, we analysed the aerial LiDAR topographic data of a headwater stream, the Rio Cordon (watershed area_ 5 km2), located in the Dolomites (north-eastern Italy). The morphology of the channel bed of Rio Cordon is characterised by alternating step pools, cascades, and rapids with steps. We analysed the streambed morphology by means of ad hoc developed morphometric indices, capable of highlighting morphological features at a high level of spatial resolution. To perform the analysis and the data interpolation, we carried out a channel-oriented coordinate transformation. In the new coordinate system, the calculation of morphometric indices in directions along and transverse to the flow direction is straightforward. Three geomorphometric indices were developed and applied as follows_ a slope index computed on the whole width of the channel bed, directional variograms computed along the flow direction and perpendicular to it, and local anomalies, calculated as the difference between directional variograms at different spatial scales. Directional variograms in the flow direction and local anomalies have proven to be effective at recognising morphologic units, such as steps, pools and clusters of large boulders. At the spatial scale of channel reaches, these indices have demonstrated a satisfactory capability to outline patterns associated with boulder cascades and rapids with steps, whereas they did not clearly differentiate between morphologies with less marked morphological differences, such as step pools and cascades.
Marchi L.; Cavalli M.; D'Agostino V., 2010, Hydrogeomorphic processes and torrent control works on a large alluvial fan in the eastern Italian Alps,
Natural hazards and earth system sciences (Print) 10 (2010): 547–558. doi_10.5194/nhess-10-547-2010,
DOI: 10.5194%2Fnhess-10-547-2010
Abstract
Alluvial fans are often present at the outlet of small drainage basins in alpine valleys; ...
Alluvial fans are often present at the outlet of small drainage basins in alpine valleys; their formation is due to sediment transport associated with flash floods and debris flows. Alluvial fans are preferred sites for human settlements and are frequently crossed by transport routes. In order to reduce the risk for economic activities located on or near the fan and prevent loss of lives due to floods and debris flows, torrent control works have been extensively carried out on many alpine alluvial fans. Hazard management on alluvial fans in alpine regions is dependent upon reliable procedures to evaluate variations in the frequency and severity of hydrogeomorphic processes and the long-term performance of the torrent training works. An integrated approach to the analysis of hydrogeomorphic processes and their interactions with torrent control works has been applied to a large alluvial fan in the southern Carnic Alps (northeastern Italy). Study methods encompass field observations, interpretation of aerial photographs, analysis of historical documents, and numerical modelling of debris flows. The overall performance of control works implemented in the early decades of 20th century was satisfactory, and a reduction of hazardous events was recognised from features observed in the field and in aerial photographs, as well as from the analysis of historical records. The 2-D simulation of debris flows confirms these findings, indicating that debris flow deposition would not affect urban areas or main roads, even in the case of a high-magnitude event. Present issues in the management of the studied alluvial fan are representative of situations frequently found in the European Alps and deal with the need for maintenance of the control structures and the pressures for land use changes aimed at the economic exploitation of the fan surface.
Marchi L.; Borga M.; Preciso E.; Gaume E., 2010, Characterisation of selected extreme flash floods in Europe and implications for flood risk management,
Journal of hydrology (Amst.) 394 (2010): 118–133. doi_10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.017,
DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2010.07.017
Abstract
High-resolution data enabling identification and analysis of the hydrometeorological causative processes of flash floods have ...
High-resolution data enabling identification and analysis of the hydrometeorological causative processes of flash floods have been collected and analysed for 25 extreme flash floods (60 drainage basins, ranging in area from 9.5 to 1856 km2) across Europe. Most of the selected floods are located in a geographical belt crossing Europe from western Mediterranean (Catalunia and southwestern France) to Black Sea, covering northern Italy, Slovenia, Austria, Slovakia and Romania. Criteria for flood selection were high intensity of triggering rainfall and flood response and availability of high-resolution reliable data. Hydrometeorological data collected and collated for each event were checked by using a hydrological model. The derivation and analysis of summarising variables based on the data archive has made it possible to outline some characteristics of flash floods in various morphoclimatic regions of Europe. Peak discharge data for more than 50% of the studied watersheds derive from post-flood surveys in ungauged streams. This stresses both the significance of post-flood surveys in building and extending flash flood data bases, and the need to develop new methods for flash flood hazard assessment able to take into account data from post-event analysis. Examination of data shows a peculiar seasonality effect on flash flood occurrence, with events in the Mediterranean and AlpineMediterranean regions mostly occurring in autumn, whereas events in the inland Continental region commonly occur in summer, revealing different climatic forcing. Consistently with this seasonality effect, spatial extent and duration of the events is generally smaller for the Continental events with respect to those occurring in the Mediterranean region. Furthermore, the flash flood regime is generally more intense in the Mediterranean Region than in the Continental areas. The runoff coefficients of the studied flash floods are usually rather low (mean value_ 0.35). Moderate differences in runoff coefficient are observed between the studied climatic regions, with higher values in the Mediterranean region. Antecedent saturation conditions have a significant impact on event runoff coefficients, showing the influence of initial soil moisture status even on extreme flash flood events and stressing the importance of accounting soil moisture for operational flash flood forecasting. The runoff response displays short lag times (mostly <6 h). The identified relations between watershed area, stream lengthc and response time enable determination of a characteristic mean velocity of the flash flood process (at basin scales less than 350 km2), defined as the ratio of characteristic length (mean river length) and time (response time or lag time), equal to 3 m s_1. This is related to the celerity with which the flood wave moves through the catchment. The analysis of the response time provides information on the time resolution and the spatial density of the networks required for monitoring the storms that generate flash floods.
D'Agostino V.; Cesca M.; Marchi L., 2010, Field and laboratory investigations of runout distances of debris flows in the Dolomites (Eastern Italian Alps),
Geomorphology (Amst.) 115 (2010): 294–304. doi_10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.06.032,
DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2009.06.032
Abstract
The estimation of runout distances on fans has a major role in assessing debris-flow hazards. ...
The estimation of runout distances on fans has a major role in assessing debris-flow hazards. Different methods have been devised for this purpose_ volume balance, limiting topographic methods, empirical equations, and physical approaches. Data collected from field observations are the basis for developing, testing, and improving predictive methods, while laboratory tests on small-scale models are another suitable approach for studying debris-flow runout under controlled conditions and for developing predictive equations. This paper analyses the problemof assessing runout distance, focusing on six debris flows thatwere triggered on July 5th, 2006 by intense rainfall near Cortina d'Ampezzo (Dolomites, north-eastern Italy). Detailed field surveys were carried out immediately after the event in the triggering zone, along the channels, and in the deposition areas. A fine-scale digital terrain model of the study area was established by aerial LiDAR measurements. Total travel and runout distances on fansmeasured inthe fieldwere comparedwith the results of formulae fromthe literature (empirical/statistical and physically oriented), and samples of sediment collected from deposition lobes were used for laboratory tests. The experimental device employed in the tests consists of a tilting flumewith an inclination from 0° to 38°, onwhich a steel tank with a removable gate was installed at variable distances from the outlet. A final horizontal planeworks as the deposition area. Samples of different volumes and variable sediment concentrations were tested. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the length of the deposits as a function of both the potential energy of the mass and the sediment concentration of the flow. Our comparison of the results of laboratory testswith field data suggests that an energy-based runout formula might predict the runout distances of debris flows in the Dolomites.
Marcato, G.; Pasuto, A.; Rivelli, F. R., 2009, Mass movements in the Rio Grande Valley (Quebrada de Humahuaca, Northwestern Argentina): A methodological approach to reduce the risk,
Advances in geosciences (Print) 22 (2009): 59–65.,
Abstract
Slope processes such as slides and debris flows, are among the main events that induce ...
Slope processes such as slides and debris flows, are among the main events that induce effects on the Rio Grande sediment transport capacity. The slides mainly affect the slope of the Rio Grande river basin while debris and mud flows phenomena take place in the tributary valleys. In the past decades several mass movements occurred causing victims and great damages to roads and villages and therefore hazard assessment and risk mitigation is of paramount importance for a correct development of the area. This is also an urgent need since the Quebrada de Humahuaca was recently included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage. The growing tourism business may lead to an uncontrolled urbanization of the valley with the consequent enlargement of threatened areas. In this framework mitigation measures have to take into account not only technical aspects related to the physical behaviour of the moving masses but also environmental and sociological factors that could influence the effectiveness of the countermeasures. Mitigation of landslide effects is indeed rather complex because of the large extension of the territory and the particular geological and geomorphological setting. Moreover the necessity to maintain the natural condition of the area as prescribed by UNESCO, make this task even more difficult. Nowadays no in-depth study of the entire area exists, therefore an integrated and multidisciplinary investigation plan is going to be set up including geological and geomorphological investigations as well as archaeological and historical surveys. The better understanding of geomorphological evolution processes of the Quebrada de Humahuaca will bridge the gap between the necessity of preservation and the request of safety keeping of the recommendation by UNESCO. © 2009 Author(s).
GENEVOIS R., TECCA P.R., FLORIS M., SQUARZONI C., D'APLAOS A., 2009, Multi-step Hazard Assessment of Debris Flows in an Alpine Region.,
International conference - Landslide processes_ from geomorphologic mapping to landslide modelling, Strasbourg, 6-7 February 2009 - A tribute to Prof. Dr. Theo van Asch, pp. 291–296, Strasbourg, 6-7 February 2009,
Maquaire, O., Castaldini, D., Malet, J.-P., von Elverfeldt, K., Pla, F., Soldati, M., Greco, R., Pasuto, A., 2009, The BE-SAFE-NET website_ a tool for the education on landslide,
Landslide Processes_ from geomorphological mapping to dynamic modelling, pp. 321–326, 2009,
Panizza, M., Corsini, A., Ghinoi, A., Marchetti, M., Pasuto, A., Soldati, M., 2009, Carta Geomorfologica dell’Alta Val Badia (Dolomiti, Italia),
2009,
Marcato, G., Mantovani, M., Pasuto, A., Tagliavini, F., Silvano, S., Zabuski, L., 2009, Assessing the possible future development of the Tessina landslide using numerical modelling.,
Landslide Processes_ from geomorphological mapping to dynamic modelling., pp. 327–334. Strasbourg_ J.-P. Malet, A. Remaitre, T. Bogaard (Eds), 2009,
Trevisani S., Cavalli M., Marchi L., 2009, Elaborazione della cartografia sintetica del pericolo da fenomeni torrentizi nel bacino del basso Noce,
2009,
Marchi L., 2009, Un sistema di allarme per le colate detritiche del torrente Miozza – Relazione preliminare,
2009,
Abstract
Il rapporto è stato prodotto in seguito a contatti con personale del Servizio gestione territorio ...
Il rapporto è stato prodotto in seguito a contatti con personale del Servizio gestione territorio rurale e irrigazione della Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia, in vista della possibile realizzazione di un sistema di monitoraggio delle colate detritiche nel bacino del torrente Miozza (Udine)
Panissod F., Bailly J.S., Durrieu S., Jacome A., Mathys N., Cavalli M., Puech C., 2009, Qualification des modèles numériques des données à travers deux applications du scanner laser terrestre et du LiDAR,
Colloque Techniques Laser por lEtude des environnements naturels et urbains, Le Mans, 2009,
Cavalli M., 2009, Identifying sediment sources using LiDAR data and field survey in a small alpine catchment,
2nd International Seminar on Small Catchments, Palma di Maiorca, 2009,
Cavalli M.; Tarolli P.;, 2009, Airborne LiDAR as a new tool for fluvial geomorphology,
VII Forum Italiano di Scienze della Terra Geoitalia 2009, pp. 156–156, Rimini, 2009,
Cola S., Simonini P., Marcato G., Pasuto A., Silvano S., 2009, Influenza di una galleria drenante sullevoluzione della Frana del Tessina,
Incontro Annuale dei Ricercatori di Geotecnica Roma 9 11 Settembre 2009, Roma, 2009,
Calabrò N., Cola S., Marcato G., 2009, Evoluzione della colata del Tessina secondo il metodo SPH,
Congresso Nazionale AIGA, San Giovanni Valdarno (AR), 2009,
Cola S., Calabrò N., Simonini P., Marcato G., Pasuto A., Silvano S., 2009, Analisi dellevoluzione della frana del Tessina per la messa a punto di criteri di previsione,
1st Italian Workshop On Landslides, Napoli, 2009,
Trevisani S., Cavalli M., Marchi L., 2009, Use of geostatistics in the analysis of airborne LiDAR data for a small alpine basin,
Rendiconti online Società Geologica Italiana 8 (2009): 152–154.,
Marcato G.; Pasuto A.; Rivelli F.R., 2009, Mass movements in the Rio Grande Valley (Quebrada de Humahuaca, Northwestern Argentina): a methodological approach to reduce the risk.,
Advances in geosciences (Print) 22 (2009): 59–65. doi_10.5194/adgeo-22-59-2009,
DOI: 10.5194%2Fadgeo-22-59-2009
Abstract
Slope processes such as slides and debris flows,
are among the main events that induce effects ...
Slope processes such as slides and debris flows,
are among the main events that induce effects on the Rio
Grande sediment transport capacity. The slides mainly affect
the slope of the Rio Grande river basin while debris and
mud flows phenomena take place in the tributary valleys. In
the past decades several mass movements occurred causing
victims and great damages to roads and villages and therefore
hazard assessment and risk mitigation is of paramount
importance for a correct development of the area. This is
also an urgent need since the Quebrada de Humahuaca was
recently included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage.
The growing tourism business may lead to an uncontrolled
urbanization of the valley with the consequent enlargement
of threatened areas.
In this framework mitigation measures have to take into
account not only technical aspects related to the physical behaviour
of the moving masses but also environmental and
sociological factors that could influence the effectiveness of
the countermeasures.
Mitigation of landslide effects is indeed rather complex
because of the large extension of the territory and the particular
geological and geomorphological setting. Moreover
the necessity to maintain the natural condition of the area as
prescribed by UNESCO, make this task even more difficult.
Nowadays no in-depth study of the entire area exists,
therefore an integrated and multidisciplinary investigation
plan is going to be set up including geological and geomorphological
investigations as well as archaeological and
historical surveys. The better understanding of geomorphological
evolution processes of the Quebrada de Humahuaca
will bridge the gap between the necessity of preservation and
the request of safety keeping of the recommendation by UNESCO.
1 Tecca, P.R.,2 Genevois, R., 2009, Field observations of the June 30, 2001 debris flow at Acquabona (Dolomites, Italy).,
Landslides (Berl., Print) 61 (2009): 39–45. doi_10.1007/s10346-009-0145-8,
DOI: 10.1007%2Fs10346-009-0145-8
Marchi L.; Borga M.; Preciso E.; Sangati M.; Gaume E.; Bain V.; Delrieu G.; Bonnifait L.; Poganik N., 2009, Comprehensive post-event survey of a flash flood in Western Slovenia_ observation strategy and lessons learned.,
Hydrological processes (Print) 23 (2009): 3761–3770. doi_10.1002/hyp.7542,
DOI: 10.1002%2Fhyp.7542
Abstract
Spatial and temporal scales of occurrence of flash floods, combined with the space
and time scales ...
Spatial and temporal scales of occurrence of flash floods, combined with the space
and time scales of conventional measurement networks of rain and discharge,
make these events particularly difficult to observe. The effective documentation
of flash floods requires post-flood survey strategies encompassing accurate radar
rainfall estimation, field observations of the geomorphic processes associated with
the flood, indirect reconstruction of peak discharges and interviews of eyewitnesses.
This paper describes the methods applied and the results achieved in the survey of
a flash flood that occurred on 18th September 2007 in the Selska Sora watershed
(Western Slovenia). Hydrometeorological analyses of the storm are based on radar
reflectivity observations. The documentation of the flash flood reveals high peak
flood discharges and a complex flood response. Peak discharges were estimated at
22 cross sections, with drainage areas ranging from 0·2 to 147 km2. Among the
lessons learned from the field study of the Selska Sora flash flood, there are three
key conclusions that can inform similar studies. Firstly, geomorphological surveys
are an important prerequisite for flood discharge reconstruction in mountainous
watersheds affected by debris flow and intense sediment transport. Secondly,
the accounts of eyewitnesses of the flood provide a unique contribution to event
reconstruction. Finally, it is necessary to have quality controlled weather radar
data, which may permit coupling field observations with rainfall-runoff modelling.
Marchi, L., Cavalli, M., Sangati, M., Borga, M., 2009, Hydrometeorological controls and erosive response of an extreme alpine debris flow,
Hydrological processes (Print) 23 (2009): 2714–2727. doi_10.1002/hyp.7362,
DOI: 10.1002%2Fhyp.7362
Abstract
On 29 August, 2003, an intense convective storm system affected the Fella River basin, in ...
On 29 August, 2003, an intense convective storm system affected the Fella River basin, in the eastern Italian Alps, producing
rainfall peaks of approximately 390 mm in 12 h. The storm triggered an unusually large debris flow in the ungauged Rio
Cucco basin (0.65 km2), with a volume of approximately 78 000 m3. The analysis of the time evolution of the rainstorm over
the basin has been based on rainfall estimates from radar observations and data recorded by a raingauge network. Detailed
geomorphological field surveys, carried out both before and after the flood of August 2003, and the application of a distributed
hydrological model have enabled assessment of flood response, estimation of erosion volumes and sediment supply to the
channel network. The accounts of two eyewitnesses have provided useful elements for reconstructing the time evolution and
the flow processes involved in the event. Liquid peak discharge estimates cluster around 20 m3 s-1 km-2, placing this event
on the flood envelope curve for the eastern Italian Alps. The hydrological analysis has shown that the major controls of the
flood response were the exceptional cumulated rainfall amount, required to exceed the large initial losses, and the large rainfall
intensities at hourly temporal scales, required to generate high flood response at the considered basin scale. Observations on the
deposits accumulated on the alluvial fan indicate that, although the dominant flow process was a debris flow, sheetflood also
contributed to fan aggradation and fluvial reworking had an important role in winnowing debris-flow lobes and redistributing
sediment on the fan surface. This points out to the large discharge values during the recession phase of the flood, implying
an important role for subsurface flow on runoff generation of this extreme flash flood event.
Trevisani, S.; Cavalli, M.; Marchi, L., 2009, Variogram maps from LiDAR data as fingerprints of surface morphology on scree slopes.,
Natural hazards and earth system sciences (Print) 9 (2009): 129–133. doi_10.5194/nhess-9-129-2009,
DOI: 10.5194%2Fnhess-9-129-2009
Abstract
Herein, an aerial LiDAR topographic dataset is analysed and interpolated by means of geostatistical techniques ...
Herein, an aerial LiDAR topographic dataset is analysed and interpolated by means of geostatistical techniques in order to examine the morphology of a scree slope area in the Eastern Italian Alps. The LiDAR-derived digital terrain model (DTM) is analysed using variogram maps as spatial continuity indexes. This allowed for evaluation of the reproduction of spatial variability of topography and for the characterization and comparison of different morphological features occurring in the study site. The results indicate that variogram maps efficiently synthesise the spatial variability of topography in a local search window, representing suitable "fingerprints" of surface morphology.
Eric Gaume; Valerie Bain; Pietro Bernardara; Olivier Newinger; Mihai Barbuc; Allen Bateman; Lotta Bla?kovicová; Günter Blöschl; Marco Borga; Alexandru Dumitrescu; Ioannis Daliakopoulos; Joachim Garcia; Anisoara Irimescu; Silvia Kohnova; Aristeidis Koutroulis; Lorenzo Marchi; Simona Matreata; Vicente Medina; Emanuele Preciso; Daniel Sempere-Torres; Gheorghe Stancalie; Jan Szolgay; Ioannis Tsanis; David Velasco; Alberto Viglione, 2009, A compilation of data on European flash floods.,
Journal of hydrology (Amst.) 367 (2009): 70–78. doi_10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.028,
DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2008.12.028
Abstract
Flash floods are one of the most significant natural hazards in Europe, causing serious risk ...
Flash floods are one of the most significant natural hazards in Europe, causing serious risk to life and
destruction of buildings and infrastructure. This type of flood, often affecting ungauged watersheds,
remains nevertheless a poorly documented phenomenon. To address the gap in available information,
and particularly to assess the possible ranges for peak discharges on watersheds with area smaller than
500 km2 and to describe the geography of the hazard across Europe, an intensive data compilation has
been carried out for seven European hydrometeorological regions. This inventory is the first step towards
an atlas of extreme flash floods in Europe. It contains over 550 documented events. This paper aims at
presenting the data compilation strategy, the content of the elaborated data base and some preliminary
data analysis results. The initial observations show that the most extreme flash floods are greater in magnitude
in the Mediterranean countries than in the inner continental countries and that there is a strong
seasonality to flash flood occurrence revealing different climatic forcing mechanisms in each region.
Vianello A.; Cavalli M.; Tarolli P., 2009, LiDAR-derived slopes for headwater channel network analysis.,
Catena (Cremling.) 76 (2009): 97–106. doi_10.1016/j.catena.2008.09.012,
DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.catena.2008.09.012
Abstract
Slope is one of the most important distinguishing features for channel morphology. Variations in the ...
Slope is one of the most important distinguishing features for channel morphology. Variations in the computation of slope from a digital elevation model can affect a wide range of hydrogeomorphically derived applications. We compare different methods for computing channel slope using LiDAR-derived digital terrain models (DTMs) with varying resolutions. We chose a headwater basin of the Eastern Italian Alps, characterized by a dense ephemeral colluvial network and a main alluvial channel as our study area. The identified alluvial morphologies are characteristic of steep mountain streams, namely, cascades and step pools. Field surveys were carried out along the main channel and in some small tributaries. Results indicate that a single method for slope calculation cannot estimate channel slope at the hydrographic network scale. The differential geometry approach for slope calculation tends to overestimate field-surveyed channel slope values for all the DTM resolutions (1, 2, 5 m). When a trigonometric approach for slope calculation is applied, 2 and 5 m DTM resolutions give more consistent results. Nevertheless, a reliable channel slope can be derived from a DTM with an appropriate resolution by choosing a suitable method only after considering the channel width.
Tagliavini F.; Reichenbach P.; Maragna D.; Guzzetti F.; Pasuto A., 2009, Comparison of 2-D and 3-D Computer Models for the M. Salta Rock Fall, Vajont Valley, northern Italy.,
Geoinformatica (Dordrecht) 13 (2009): 323–337.,
Borgatti, Lisa; Borgatti, Lisa; Corsini, Alessandro; Marcato, Gianluca; Ronchetti, Francesco; Zabuski, Leslaw, 2008, Appraise the structural mitigation of landslide risk via numerical modelling_ A case study from the northern Apennines (Italy),
Georisk (Print) 2 (2008): 141–160. doi_10.1080/17499510802200261,
DOI: 10.1080%2F17499510802200261
Abstract
The Ca' Lita landslide is a large and deep-seated mass movement located in the northern ...
The Ca' Lita landslide is a large and deep-seated mass movement located in the northern Apennines, about 70 km west of Bologna (Northern Italy). It consists of a composite landslide that affects Cretaceous to Eocene flysch rock masses and chaotic complexes. Many of the sectors making up the landslide have resumed activity between 2002 and 2006, threatening some villages and an important road connecting several key industrial facilities located in the upper watershed. This paper presents the management of the emergency, dealing with the investigation campaigns (geological, geomorphological and LiDAR surveys, borehole drillings, seismic surveys), with the monitoring (in situ instrumentation) and with the design and construction of mitigation measures. The whole process, from landslide reactivation to date, has been modelled on a numerical basis with the finite difference code FLAC 2D, to assess the efficiency of the mitigation system and to propose further countermeasure works in different scenarios.
Andrea Maria Deganutti, 2008, The hypermobility of rock avalanches,
2008,
Abstract
This study focuses on rock avalanches which are large and very fast
landslides characterized by volumes ...
This study focuses on rock avalanches which are large and very fast
landslides characterized by volumes higher (on average) than two to ten
million cubic metres with velocities of the order of tens of meter per second
and are among the most destructive natural phenomena.
The aim of the research is to increase the knowledge on rock avalanches,
putting at scholars community's disposal a new contribution on some long-
debated questions related to some aspects of their behaviour that have not
been completely understood yet.
In particular the subject of this work is directed to the transport stage of these
phenomena, being the motion characteristics of rock avalanches one of the
most puzzling questions in present days geological debate and none of the
related theories advanced so far has been widely accepted by the scientific
community.
The strangest aspect of the behaviour of fast landslides with a volume of at
least 107 m3 is that they travel much longer than one would expect by normal
Coulomb friction mechanics, which, on the other hand, work rather well for
rockslides of small volumes; this behaviour can be called hypermobility of rock
avalanches.
In the first chapter of this thesis a general introduction to the rock avalanche
theme and related problems is given, followed by the general aims of the
present study and the scheme of the adopted methodology.
The second chapter is dedicated to the review of the international literature on
the long debate on causes, mechanics and characteristics of rock avalanches,
proposed theories for low friction behaviour, stated relations for maximum
runout distance forecast and so on. The aim of this chapter is to give a
general picture of the knowledge state-of-the-art on the matter.
Then an introductory sub-chapter is given on the novel theory of dynamic
fragmentation advanced as an explanation for some geological phenomena
characterized by abnormally low friction, among which the hypermobility of
rock avalanches.
As an example of how dynamic fragmentation can act on rock avalanches and
to give an illustration of the evidence of its effects, three real cases are
presented at the end of this chapter. Two of them regard cases of rock
avalanches, the third refers to a block slide, all three events happened in New
Zealand.
Chapter 3 is on the laboratory part of the present research_ a new concept
rheometer, capable of high pressure and high shear rate, has been designed
and built, in order to obtain an experimental evidence of the effect of the
fragmentation in a shearing sample of rock grains. The main constructive
difficulties, together with the apparatus capabilities and limitations are
9
described. The results of the fragmentation rheologic tests are reported and
commented with special reference to the effects of fragmentation on rock
avalanche behaviour.
The fourth chapter is dedicated to the development of a distinct element
method (DEM) numerical model of the fragmentation rheometer; this model
has been conceived for the purpose of getting a versatile and trustworthy tool
capable to simulate the effects of dynamic fragmentation with reference to
both laboratory rheometric tests (the numerical model does not have the
structural limitations of the real one) and real low friction phenomena. The
numerical model results are presented and commented; pros and cons are
reported as well. The model performances have proved good and worthy of
further developments.
The theses is concluded by a chapter (5) with the final remarks and
conclusions of the whole study, with some future research perspectives
opened by this research.
Two Appendices (A, B) are attached at the end of the Reference listing_
Appendix A contains some more photographs and construction sketches of
the high fragmentation rheometer with an extended set of resulted graphs.
Appendix B contains more information and results of the numerical model of
the rheometer with some examples of PFC (Particle Flow Code) and FISH
(programming language embedded within the code) as it has been used to
build the rheometer model.
Soldati, M., Buhagiar, S., Coratza, P., Magri, O., Pasuto, A., Schembri, J.A., 2008, Integration of geomorphology and cultural heritage_ a key issue for present and future times.,
31(2) (2008): 95–96.,
Hervás J., Günther A., Reichenbach P., Guzzetti F., Chacón J., Pasuto A., Trigila A., Malet J.P. & Tagliavini F., 2008, Towards a common approach for mapping areas susceptible to landslides in Europe.,
EGU General Assembly, Vienna, 2008,
Marchi L., Chiarle M., Mortara G., 2008, Climate changes and debris flows in periglacial areas in the Italian Alps,
FROM HEADWATERS TO THE OCEAN_ HYDROLOGICAL CHANGES AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT, edited by Taniguchi, M; Burnett, WC; Fukushima, Y; Haigh, M; Umezawa, Y, pp. 111–115. Boca Raton_ CRC Press, 2008,
Abstract
Debris flows pose major hazards in many mountainous regions. The most apparent influence of climate ...
Debris flows pose major hazards in many mountainous regions. The most apparent influence of climate changes on debris flows is related to variations in the precipitation regime. In glacial and periglacial areas, also glacier retreat and permafrost degradation have a major role in debris flow occurrence, as they can substantially increase the availability of erodible debris and provide the conditions for sudden water release. The paper analyses some recent debris flows in periglacial environments in the Italian Alps. The study is based on field observations and on the comparison of present geomorphic conditions with those that existed before the glacial retreat of the last decades. The results of researches on climate changes in Italy indicate that the studied debris flows occurred in the frame of a general trend of increasing temperature. In this context, debris flows in periglacial areas should be viewed as a particular aspect of geomorphological and hydrological changes driven by climate changes in alpine headwaters. Most of studied debris flows have been caused by rainfall. In these cases, the influence of cryosphere degradation essentially consists in an increased availability of mobilisable material. Other processes, which trigger debris flows in areas affected by glacial shrinkage, are glacial lake outbursts and the melting of ground-buried ice.
Borgatti L., Corsini A., Marcato G., Ronchetti F. and Zabuski L., 2008, Appraise the structural mitigation of landslide risk via numerical modelling_ a case study from the northern Apennines (Italy).,
Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 2008,
Genevois R., Tecca P.R., 2008, Debris flow hazard assessment in Dolomites_ a simulation model approach.,
International Conference Debris Flows_ Disasters, Risk, Forecast, Protection, pp. 241–244, Pyatigorsk, Russia, 22-29 September 2008,
Floris M., Genevois R., Tecca P.R., 2008, Valutazione della pericolosità da colata detritica nelle Dolomiti_ metodologia integrata di simulazione numerica e GIS.,
2 (2008): 1–3.,
Magri O.; Mantovani M.; Pasuto A.; Soldati M., 2008, Geomorphological investigation and monitoring of lateral spreading along the north-west coast of Malta.,
Geografia fisica e dinamica quaternaria (Testo stamp.) 31(2) (2008): 171–180.,
Abstract
The north-west coast of Malta is characterized by lateral spreading
phenomena which occur within the brittle ...
The north-west coast of Malta is characterized by lateral spreading
phenomena which occur within the brittle Upper Coralline Limestone
formation (Upper Miocene) overlying the Blue Clay formation (Middle
Miocene), the latter being a softer and unconsolidated material. Upper
Coralline Limestone features a prominent plateau scarp face, whereas
Blue Clay produces slopes which in most cases extend from the base of
the Upper Coralline Limestone scarp face to sea level. The Upper Coralline
Limestone plateau is heavily jointed and faulted, resulting from
past tectonic activity. Chemical weathering, especially solution processes,
have produced a karst terrain which aids in further widening the joints
and faults and allows deeper infiltration of rainwater. These two geological
formations have diverse hydrogeological characteristics which favour
mass movement processes and landslide activity. Upper Coralline Limestone
is a permeable material, allowing water to pass through, whereas
Blue Clay is an impermeable material which retains water. This property
renders the Blue Clay plastic when it is wet and causes lateral spreading
in the above layer of limestone.
In September 2005, a GPS network was set up consisting of 24 GPS
benchmarks installed in unstable areas at three field sites along the northwest
coast to determine with high accuracy any displacement in the landslides
and the state of activity of lateral spreading. These field sites
include ll-Prajjet, Rdum id-Delli and Ghajn Tuffieha Bay incorporating
also Il-Qarraba. They provide the best examples of lateral spreading
phenomena from a scientific point of view and also present the issues of
hazard and risk regarding the damage of the coastal tower at Ghajn
Tuffieha Bay built in 1637 by Grand Master Lascaris for defence purposes
and Popeye's Village, which constitutes one of the main tourist
attractions in the Maltese Islands.
During the first survey that was carried out at the end of September
2005, the baselines between each benchmark and its reference point have
been measured. Four other surveys have been conducted in April 2006,
October 2006, February/March 2007 and October 2007. By comparing
the differences in the baselines measured during the surveys it was possible
to detect and quantify the displacements caused by the landslides in
the elapsed time with millimetre accuracy. Preliminary results indicate
that the coastal landslides are active. The displacements recorded so far
from the GPS benchmarks range from 0.54 cm to 1.73 cm. It is intended
that further results will be correlated with rainfall data and the behaviour
of the Blue Clay material, especially geotechnical and mineralogical properties,
to understand the causes of such displacements and activity of the
landslides.
Marchi, L.; Dalla Fontana, G.; Cavalli, M.; Tagliavini, F., 2008, Rocky headwaters in the Dolomites, Italy_ field observations and topographic analysis.,
Arctic, antarctic, and alpine research 40 (2008): 685–694. doi_10.1657/1523-0430(07-037)[MARCHI]2.0.CO;2,
DOI: 10.1657%2F1523-0430(07-037)[MARCHI]2.0.CO;2
Abstract
Rock outcrops cover large areas of alpine headwaters and are entrenched by chutes
and couloirs, which ...
Rock outcrops cover large areas of alpine headwaters and are entrenched by chutes
and couloirs, which are controlled by faults in bedrock. These widespread landforms
play an important role in delivering sediment to lower basin slopes. High-resolution
topographical data from LiDAR surveys allow investigation of morphometric
characteristics and sediment transport processes in these features. Using aerial photo
interpretation, field surveys, and topographic analyses of LiDAR data, this paper
quantifies the morphological characteristics of rocky couloirs and their drainage
basins, and the relationship between these features and the structural setting, in a
study area in the Dolomites (northeastern Italy). Rock basins are characterized by
small sizes (surface area < 0.066 km2) and high average basin slopes (up to
2.1 m m-1). The analysis of contributing area and local slope outlines the difference
between these rock basins, and even smaller and steeper rock faces entrenched by
very shallow chutes, which were defined as interbasin areas. We consider rocky
couloirs and rock basins in the headwaters of the Dolomites to be part of the channel
network, since channeled flow occurs in the couloirs during storms. High-intensity
rainstorms trigger debris flows as evidenced from local scouring, especially in the
lower parts of the couloirs. The longitudinal profiles of the couloirs are overall linear,
but the high-resolution data display distinct high-slope and low-slope stretches
forming steps, that may function as localized sources and sinks for debris flows. The
cross-sectional widths of the couloirs do not appear related to upslope area; this may
be due to both structural control on cross-sectional geometry and complex erosion of
the couloir by debris flows.
Borga M.; Gaume E.; Creutin J.D.; Marchi L., 2008, Surveying flash floods_ gauging the ungauged extremes,
Hydrological processes (Print) 22 (2008): 3883–3885. doi_10.1002/hyp.7111,
DOI: 10.1002%2Fhyp.7111
Abstract
The monitoring of flash-flood events gives us the unique opportunity to
observe how catchments respond when ...
The monitoring of flash-flood events gives us the unique opportunity to
observe how catchments respond when most of the surface and subsurface
hydrologic flow paths are active. These events often reveal aspects
of hydrological behaviour that either were unexpected on the basis of
weaker responses or highlight anticipated but previously unobserved
behaviour (Delrieu et al., 2005; Archer et al., 2007). Characterizing the
response of a catchment during flash-flood events, thus, may provide
new and valuable insight into the rate-limiting processes for extreme
flood response and their dependency on catchment properties and flood
severity.
Flash-flood events, however, are difficult to monitor because they
develop at space and time scales that conventional measurement networks
of rain and river discharges are not able to sample effectively
(Creutin and Borga, 2003). As these events are locally rare, they are also
difficult to capture during classical field-based experimentation, designed
to last a few months over a given region, or on experimental catchments
with drainage areas of a few square kilometres. This explains why the
investigation of flash-flood events is by necessity event-based and opportunistic
as opposed to driven by observations from carefully designed
field campaigns. Post-event surveys therefore play a critical role in gathering
essential observations concerning flash floods.
Traditionally, indirect peak discharge estimates and collection of
rainfall maxima have been used to document these events, as well as
to provide an answer to the questions that are invariably asked after a
major flood_ Why did such a major flood occur? How frequently can
such a flood be expected to occur? Collectively, these studies contributed
to the establishment of regional peak discharge envelope curves and
to the development of a better understanding of regional behaviour of
extreme floods. However, focus on peak discharges and point rainfall
maxima alone provides limited insight into the hydrological controls of
flash-flood response.
Flash-flood monitoring requires rainfall estimates at small spatial
scales (1 km or finer) and short-time scales (15-30 min, and even less in
urban areas). These requirements are generally met by weather radar
networks. This is shown schematically in Figure 1, which reports typical
monitoring scales of weather radar systems and rain-gauge networks,
together with the time and space scales of a number of flash-flood
generating storms observed in Europe in the last 15 years (Borga,
2007). Rapidly increasing availability of good quality weather radar
observations is greatly expanding our ability to measure and monitor
rainfall distribution at the space and time scales which characterize the
flash-flood events (Borga et al., 2007). These technical advances have
the potential to enhance the information content of post-event surveys.
Realizing this potential calls for the development of a methodology for
flash-flood response survey, which goes beyond the collection of indirect
peak discharge estimates by focussing on three concepts that are revised
in this short commentary.
Cavalli M.; Tarolli P.; Marchi L.; Dalla Fontana G., 2008, The effectiveness of airborne LiDAR data in the recognition of channel-bed morphology.,
Catena (Cremling.) 73 (2008): 249–260. doi_10.1016/j.catena.2007.11.001,
DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.catena.2007.11.001
Abstract
High-resolution topographic data have the potential to differentiate the main morphological features of a landscape. ...
High-resolution topographic data have the potential to differentiate the main morphological features of a landscape. This paper analyses the capability of airborne LiDAR-derived data in the recognition of channel-bed morphology. For the purpose of this study, 0.5 m and 1 m resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) were derived from the last pulse LiDAR data obtained by filtering the vegetation points. The analysis was carried out both at 1-D scale, i.e. along the longitudinal channel profile, and at 2-D scale, taking into account the whole extent of the channel bed. The 1-D approach analyzed the residuals of elevations orthogonal to the regression line drawn along the channel profile and the standard deviation of local slope. The 2-D analysis was based on two roughness indexes, consisting on the local variability of the elevation and slope of the channel bed. The study was conducted in a headwater catchment located in the Eastern Italian Alps. The results suggested a good capability of LiDAR data in the recognition of river morphology giving the potential to distinguish the riffle-pool and step-pool reaches.
Cavalli M.; Marchi L., 2008, Characterisation of the surface morphology of an alpine alluvial fan using airborne LiDAR.,
Natural hazards and earth system sciences (Print) 8 (2008): 323–333. doi_10.5194/nhess-8-323-2008,
DOI: 10.5194%2Fnhess-8-323-2008
Abstract
Alluvial fans of alpine torrents are both natural deposition areas for sediment discharged by floods ...
Alluvial fans of alpine torrents are both natural deposition areas for sediment discharged by floods and debris flows, and preferred sites for agriculture and settlements. Hazard assessment on alluvial fans depends on proper identification of flow processes and their potential intensity. This study used LiDAR data to examine the morphology of the alluvial fan of a small alpine stream (Moscardo Torrent, Eastern Italian Alps). A high-resolution DTM from LiDAR data was used to calculate a shaded relief map, plan curvature and an index of topographic roughness based on the standard deviation of elevation within a moving window. The surface complexity of the alluvial fan, also influenced by human activities, clearly arose from the analysis. The surface roughness, defined here as the local topography variability, is compared with a previous classification of the fan surface based on field surveys. The results demonstrate that topographic analysis of ground based LiDAR DTM can be a useful tool to objectively investigate fan morphology and hence alluvial fan hazard assessment.
Arattano M., Marchi L., 2008, Systems and Sensors for Debris-flow Monitoring and Warning,
Sensors (Basel) 8 (2008): 2436–2452. doi_10.3390/s8042436,
DOI: 10.3390%2Fs8042436
Abstract
Abstract: Debris flows are a type of mass movement that occurs in mountain torrents. They ...
Abstract: Debris flows are a type of mass movement that occurs in mountain torrents. They consist of a high concentration of solid material in water that flows as a wave with a steep front. Debris flows can be considered a phenomenon intermediate between landslides and water floods. They are amongst the most hazardous natural processes in mountainous regions and may occur under different climatic conditions. Their destructiveness is due to different factors_ their capability of transporting and depositing huge amounts of solid materials, which may also reach large sizes (boulders of several cubic meters are commonly transported by debris flows), their steep fronts, which may reach several meters
of height and also their high velocities. The implementation of both structural and nonstructural control measures is often required when debris flows endanger routes, urban areas and other infrastructures. Sensor networks for debris-flow monitoring and warning
play an important role amongst non-structural measures intended to reduce debris-flow risk. In particular, debris flow warning systems can be subdivided into two main classes_ advance warning and event warning systems. These two classes employ different types of
sensors. Advance warning systems are based on monitoring causative hydrometeorological processes (typically rainfall) and aim to issue a warning before a possible debris flow is triggered. Event warning systems are based on detecting debris flows when these processes are in progress. They have a much smaller lead time than advance warning ones but are
also less prone to false alarms. Advance warning for debris flows employs sensors and techniques typical of meteorology and hydrology, including measuring rainfall by means of rain gauges and weather radar and monitoring water discharge in headwater streams. Event warning systems use different types of sensors, encompassing ultrasonic or radar gauges,
Sensors 2008, 8 2 4 37 ground vibration sensors, videocameras, avalanche pendulums, photocells, trip wires etc. Event warning systems for debris flows have a strong linkage with debris-flow monitoring
that is carried out for research purposes_ the same sensors are often used for both monitoring and warning, although warning systems have higher requirements of robustness than monitoring systems. The paper presents a description of the sensors employed for debris-flow monitoring and event warning systems, with attention given to advantages and
drawbacks of different types of sensors.
Tagliavini F.; Mantovani M.; Marcato G.; Pasuto A.; Silvano S., 2007, Validation of landslide hazard assessment by means of GPS monitoring technique – A case study in the Dolomites (Eastern Alps, Italy),
Natural hazards and earth system sciences (Online) 7 (2007): 185–193.,
Abstract
In the last years a research project aimed at the assessment of the landslide hazard ...
In the last years a research project aimed at the assessment of the landslide hazard and susceptibility in the high Cordevole river basin (Eastern Dolomites, Italy) have been carried out. The hazard map was made adopting the Swiss Confederation semi-deterministic approach that takes into account parameters such as velocity, geometry and frequency of landslides. Usually these parameters are collected by means of geological and morphological surveys, historical archive researches, aerophotogrammetric analysis etc. In this framework however the dynamics of an instable slope can be difficult to determine. This work aims at illustrating some progress in landslide hazard assessment using a modified version of the Swiss Confederation semi-deterministic approach in which the values of some parameters have been refined in order to accomplish more reliable results in hazard assessment. A validation of the accuracy of these new values, using GPS and inclinometric measurements, has been carried out on a test site located inside the high Cordevole river basin.
Pasuto, A., Tagliavini, F., 2007, Landslide susceptibility and hazard mapping in high mountain regions_ Application in the Italian Alps.,
Guidelines for Mapping Areas at Risk of Landslides in Europe., edited by Hervas, J., pp. 27–30, 2007,
Hervás J., Günther A., Reichenbach P., Chacón J., Pasuto A., Malet J.-P., Trigila A., Hobbs P., Maquaire O., Tagliavini F., Poyiadji E., Guerrieri L. & Montanarella L., 2007, Recommendations on a common approach for mapping areas at risk of landslides in Europe,
Experts Meeting, JRC, Ispra, Italy, 23-24 October 2007,
Campana R., Mantovani M., Pasuto A., Schiavon E., Tagliavini F., Toffoletto F., 2007, La pericolosità geologica per instabilità dei versanti nellAlta Val Cordevole,
2007,
