The responsibilities within natural hazards at local/regional levels involve citizens and volunteers as first actors of civil protection and territorial management. The notion of prevention implicates the capacities of professional operators and technical volunteers, however giving priority now to the involvement and awareness of the citizens over the territory they inhabit. Their participation creates context-specific strategies of territorial surveillance and management, extending the realm of risk awareness beyond those that have to bear the impacts with their own lives.

The responsibilities within natural hazards at local/regional levels involve citizens and volunteers as first actors of civil protection and territorial management. The prevention implicates the capacities of professional operators and technical volunteers, but the priority implies now the involvement and awareness of the citizens over the territory they inhabit. The involvement of population creates context-specific strategies of territorial surveillance and management, skipping the limit to face risks only when they have to bear impacts on their lives. MAppERS (Mobile Application for Emergency Response and Support) is a EU project (funded under programme 2013-2015 Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection, ECHO A5) which empowers "crowd-sourced mappers" through smart phone applications and sensors, with geo-tagged information, detailed gathered parameters, field-check survey in a contest of geospatial response. The process of development includes feedback from citizens, involving them in training courses on the monitoring as long term objective (raising public awareness and participation). The project deals with the development and testing of the smart phone applications (module MAppERS-V for volunteers, module MAppERS-C for citizens) according to Android SDK environment. A first research described a desk-based investigation on consequences of disasters impacts and costs of prevention strategies in pilot countries. Furthermore a review of state-of-the-art of database management systems (DBMS) in pilot countries and involvement of volunteers/citizens in data collection/monitoring collected basic info on data structure for the development. A desk-based research proposed communication methods/graphic solutions within mobile technologies for disaster management in pilot countries and available smartphone applications linked to centralized web/server database. A technical review is compulsory for a useful design-line for MappERS development, and it is linked with on-site feedback about volounteers and citizens needs within pilot groups activities. The app modules will be later re-designed according to the methodological and technical feedback gained during pilot study. Training curricula for citizens are planned to increase awareness, skills on smart phone utilities and efficient jargon for hazard contest. The expected results are_ a) an easy-to-use interface for "human-data" in crisis support, b) a maximised utility of peer-produced data gathering, c) the development of human resources as technical tools d) a self-based awareness improvement.

MappERS1 (Mobile Application for Emergency Response and Support) is a EU project funded under programme 2013-2015 Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection, ECHO A5. The project deals with capacity of human sensors towards smartphone application (SA) in the contest of prevention and crisis support for natural hazards. Citizens and volunteers are first actors of civil protection and the crowdsourcing creates local and context-specific strategies of surveillance and territorial management. The SA splits into module MAppERS-V for volunteers, and module MAppERS-C for citizens re-designed according to methodological and logical testing gained during pilot study. People involved in training and piloting fulfills a long term objective of participation and crowdsourcing as actors of prevention of hazards, according to the priorities set by the Hyogo Framework, reducing costs of emergency management and promoting responsibilisation of the population. Training curricula for citizens and volounteers will promote awareness, territorial knowledge and specialized jargon to communicate hazard-relevant information toward smartphone. For a meaningful SA a review of best practices of information scheme is compulsory. An analysis on Graphical User Interface (GUI) adopted within SA for natural hazards offers a baseline of communication scheme for MAppERS frame. Following Quesenbery (2003) the usability as design principle handles five components. The efficiency is the speed with which users achieve their goals, the effectiveness highlights the completeness and accuracy with which users achieve their goals, the engagement reveals the level to which the style of the interface makes using the application a pleasing experience. Furthermore the easiness to learn describe how simple it is to start using the interface, and get a deeper understanding of its capabilities. The error tolerance finally shows how the design prevents users from committing errors, and how it helps in correcting them when they occur. The review strengthened criteria for layout, navigation, accessibility, icon setup and text guidelines design (Fowler & Stanwick, 2004; Extron, 2010; Garrett, 2011; Wong, 2011). The development is proceeding for Android 4.0 onwards, covering 82.6% devices as of today. The Web Application includes a Cloud Architecture, a Relational Data Base and Web services, integrated with a Cloud Notification SDK to send push notification. The Mobile App Android includes an app Skeleton, the communication structure 1 http_//www.mappers.eu/ 657 Geomatics Workbooks n° 12 - "FOSS4G Europe Como 2015" (SMS, Emails and phone calls). The bug-fixing and training will be set during piloting and the crowdsource becomes a continuous source of development, testing and updating each smartphone components. The wireframe contains a screen for registering and login common for both modules. The access and tools are later split for the two modules. MAppERS-C proposes a Personal Flood Plan toolkit. Users are citizens, voluntary registered and able to create own set of prevention measures, sharing geo-located information during critical step before flooding events. MAppERS-V is a Danger Survey toolkit for rescue crew, to collect and organize real-time and standardized information for damages during crisis. The first draft of modules provides options to customize dropdown lists and sliding tools for end-users, enlarging the quality of the application based on local experts and witnesses. The expected results are_ a) an easy-touse interface for "human-data" in crisis management, b) a maximised utility of peer-produced data gathering, c) the development of human resources as technical support d) a self-based awareness improvement.

Landslides and debris flows are very effective geomorphic agents influencing the evolution of fluvial systems in mountain catchments. The concurrence of landslides, debris flows and floods urges the development of methods that can cope with multiple hazards resulting from the interactions between these processes. This paper presents examples of relationships between landslides (including debris flows) and floods in gravel-bed rivers_ the occurrence of a large debris flow in a steep gravel-bed channel caused by the failure of landslide dams in an upstream channel reach, the increase of sediment transport following major floods with widespread landslides, the formation and failure of landslide dams and channel blockages caused by debris-flow deposits, and the supply of large wood due to shallow landslides in forested catchments. The methods for predicting landslides and debris flows at different spatial and temporal scales, with a focus on interactions with floods in the main river channels, are briefly described and reviewed. Finally, some research topics that could open valuable prospects for the advancement of research on these topics are mentioned.

An optical fiber sensor for the simultaneous measurement of hydrostatic pressure and temperature in soil embankments is presented. The sensor exploits a dual chambers transduction mechanism and is based on the optical measurement of the differential strain induced in the fiber by temperature and pressure in the two chambers. A prototype has been built and interrogated by means of optical coherent frequency domain reflectometry and the results of a preliminary experimental characterization are presented and discussed. Temperature and pressure sensitivities are approximately -7.1 GHz/°C and -4.4 GHz/kPa, respectively.

In this work, a low cost optical fiber sensing system for cracks growth monitoring in the concrete lining of a road tunnel is presented. A plastic optical fiber (POF), with large dynamic strain range, is used for sensing by means of phase measurement of a RF modulated optical signal. Preliminary results suggest that the system represents a viable solution to the aim of crack monitoring.